Elizabeth Finkel
Elizabeth Finkel is editor-at-large of Cosmos.
AstraZeneca at large
January 2021 witnessed the first national rollout of the AstraZeneca vaccine in the UK. The good news was that it was 89% effective at protecting people from symptomatic disease.
The bad news was an unusual blood clotting syndrome that started surfacing in March 2021.
Blood clots are not uncommon – they occur in about one in a 1000 people each year. But mostly they occur in older people and in the legs or lungs.
These unusual clots were occurring in people under 40 (where the normal rate is about one in 10,000 per year), and in unusual places: in the brain (cerebral vein) or the intestine (splanchnic vein).
And while regular blood clotting or ‘thrombosis’ is associated with high levels of platelets, these clots were associated with abnormally low levels of platelets or ‘thrombocytopenia’. So clotting and bleeding, at the same time. The condition was dubbed ‘thrombosis with thrombocytopaenia’ syndrome, or TTS. People with this syndrome also carried unusual antibodies against platelet clotting factor 4 (PF-4), a substance that is released by platelets. Rather than inactivating PF-4, those antibodies do the opposite: they work with PF-4 to trigger clotting. The presence of those antibodies was a strong hint that TTS had something to do with the immune response to the AstraZeneca vaccine.
As of 9 September 2021, the TGA has picked up 132 cases of TTS out of 10.2 million Astra vaccine doses, an average rate of 1.3 in 100,000.
By April, the New England Journal of Medicine had reported that this rare clotting disorder was clearly linked to the vaccine. The estimated rate was 1 in 100,000 for people over 50 and 2 in 100,000 for people aged between 18 and 49 years. Soon, similar findings were reported for the Johnson & Johnson vaccine, which is also based on an adenovirus; so far no reports have been made for the Sputnik adenovirus vaccine.
When the Astra vaccine began its rollout in Australia in March, Australia’s vaccine surveillance network was on high alert.
As of 9 September 2021, the TGA has picked up 132 cases of TTS out of 10.2 million Astra vaccine doses, an average rate of 1.3 in 100,000.
Eight people have died – a risk of death that is less than one in a million.
Women under 50 seem to be at a greater risk of serious outcomes.
Australia appears to be detecting milder cases of TTS than those being detected in Europe. While cases of TTS detected in the UK have a mortality of around 17%, the figure here is 6%, that is, 8 deaths out of 132 cases of TTS.
The hallmarks of TTS are clear: unusual brain or intestinal clots, low platelet counts and the clincher – the PF-4 antibody. The symptoms, including a persistent headache, usually occur with 4–30 days of the first AstraZeneca shot. They are successfully treated with an anticoagulant (not heparin, which could make things worse). Most people recover in a couple of weeks.
The story for TTS is pretty clear-cut. Rare and overwhelmingly treatable. Eight deaths out of 10.2 million AstraZeneca shots.
Pfizer at large
Israel was the first country to roll out the Pfizer vaccine on a national scale. This has meant that it has served as a global laboratory for the vaccine’s effectiveness and safety in a population of 9.4 million people over time.
In April, studies from the largest healthcare provider (Clalit) reported the Pfizer vaccine delivered 92% protection against infection.
In August they reported a rare but alarming side effect – inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis) and surrounding membranes (pericarditis). It was most often reported in young men under 30.
The Israeli study compared the rate of myocarditis and pericarditis in 880,000 vaccinated people and an equal number of unvaccinated people who were otherwise similar in age and health.
The vaccine increased the risk of myocarditis 3.24-fold compared with the control group (an extra 2.7 events per 100,000). But the virus itself increased the risk of myocarditis 18-fold.
COVID-19 is notorious for the damage it wreaks to the heart and blood vessels. Amongst those infected, the Israeli study reported a 4.5-fold increase in heart attacks, a 2.1-fold increase in strokes, a 14.8-fold increase in kidney damage, a 12.1-fold increase in lung clots and a 3.8-fold increase in deep vein thrombosis (see figure below). Not surprisingly, the vaccine increased the risk of swollen lymph nodes (lymphadenapathy), a result of activating the immune system.
As the head of the study, Dr Ran Balicer, told the New York Times, “When you try to make your decision on whether or not you should take the vaccine, one of the things to ask is not only what are the potential adverse events associated with taking the vaccine, but also what am I risking when I think about COVID-19 as the other option.”
As of 5 September 2021, Australia has rolled out 10.7 million doses of the Pfizer vaccine and the TGA has received 370 reports of suspected myocarditis with or without pericarditis. They occurred more often in men under the age of 30, within 10 days of vaccination, and often after the second vaccination. Twelve reports were in teenagers aged 15–17, 10 boys and 2 girls.
“When you try to make your decision on whether or not you should take the vaccine … ask not only what are the potential adverse events associated with taking the vaccine, but also what am I risking when I think about COVID-19 as the other option.”
Symptoms included chest pain, irregular heartbeat, fainting and shortness of breath. Most cases resolved with rest, but a few needed hospital treatment. There have been no deaths.
Quite apart from the vaccine, myocarditis is generally a disease of young men, typically presenting a couple of weeks after a flu-like infection with pains in the chest, palpitations and shortness of breath. The background rate of myocarditis is generally estimated at 10–20 cases per 100,000.
Given the high background rate, the TGA needs to investigate whether all these cases are truly the result of the vaccine. At worst, the figure is around 3.4 in 100,000, slightly higher than the Israeli estimate of 2.7 in 100,000.
Overall the story for the Astra and Pfizer vaccines is pretty clear-cut. The serious adverse effects are rare and – in the vast majority of cases – treatable.
Now let’s look at the benefits
According to the NSW Department of Health, the case fatality rate from January 2020 to 14 August 2021 was 1%. You have a 1 in a 100 chance of dying from COVID infection. It’s worse the older you get – if you’re 70–79, those odds rise to 4%. The average risk of hospitalisation (and potential long-term effects) is 11%.
Being vaccinated does not give 100% protection against infection. But it dramatically protects you against hospitalisation and death.
Everyone is watching how Israel’s highly vaccinated population is faring against the contagious Delta strain. Their rate of infection is climbing to around their January peak of about 8,000 cases per day (in a population of nine million). Worryingly, vaccinated people are also among the hospitalised and dying.
Being vaccinated does not give 100% protection against infection. But it dramatically protects you against hospitalisation and death.
But there’s no doubt vaccination is still highly protective. For those under 50, protection against severe disease is still nearly 92%.
Israelis over the age of 50 have borne the major brunt of disease and death. Their protection against severe disease has dropped from 95% to 85%.
That reflects two things:
First, Delta is twice as contagious as the earlier Alpha strain. It overwhelms us both through brute force – churning out more virus particles in every exhalation – and stealth, by better evading human antibodies.
Second, the older Israeli population were the first to be vaccinated and their immunity has waned over time. (It’s not a surprise. Coronavirus is the same type of virus as the one that causes the common cold – and we don’t have much luck developing enduring immunity to that.)
Reports of waning immunity to the vaccines have started appearing. One preprint from Israel showed that four months after being vaccinated, the initial protection against a breakthrough infection had halved.
Vaccines are between 85% and 90% effective at protecting you from severe illness and death from COVID-19. The dangers of catching COVID far outweigh the dangers of the vaccines.
A UK preprint showed Pfizer effectiveness against infection waned from 90% to 78% after three months. On the other hand, the Astra vaccine’s effectiveness seemed more durable, dropping from 69% to 61%.
In late July, Israel acted on the evidence of declining immunity and rolled out boosters to those over 60, in mid-August to those over 30 and in late August to those over 12. Israel’s vaccine passport is also deemed to expire six months after the second Pfizer dose, requiring a booster to reinstate it.
In NSW we’re also starting to see that the vaccinated elderly are at higher risk. Between June and August this year, of the 50 people who died, five were fully vaccinated. Two were in their 70s, one was in their 80s and two in their 90s.
It’s sobering data, but vaccines are between 85% and 90% effective at protecting you from severe illness and death from COVID-19. The dangers of catching COVID far outweigh the dangers of the vaccines.
YOUR COVID TOOLBOX: This article is one of a five-part series where Cosmos editor-at-large Elizabeth Finkel hunts down all the facts and figures you need to understand COVID-19 vaccines.
