Australia’s Science Channel Editors
Acknowledgement of Country: We acknowledge the Traditional Custodians of the lands and seas across Australia. We recognise their continuing connection to Country. We acknowledge their continued custodianship of the continent, including the role of Indigenous knowledge and practices in land management and Indigenous fire burning. We pay our respects to Elders past, present, and emerging, and extend that respect to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
Scientific evidence unequivocally links human-caused climate change to the increasing risk of frequent and severe bushfires in the Australian landscape. That same science tells us these extreme events will only grow worse in the future without genuine concerted action to reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases.
We, the undersigned climate, weather and fire scientists, call on our country’s leaders and policymakers to develop science-informed policies to combat human-caused climate change. To be successful, these policies must urgently reduce Australia’s total greenhouse gas emissions and lead to constructive engagement and agreements with other world leaders for coordinated global climate action.
We call on our leaders to unite to develop non-partisan, long-term policies that will enable the managed transition to net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 that the scientific evidence shows is required to avoid dangerous human-caused climate change. The science is clear. It is time to show leadership and set a clear path to protect our country and way of life for future generations.
This statement summarises the scientific basis for the links between climate change and bushfires in Australia, and the climate action that is required to limit further worsening of our bushfire risk and build a stronger and more resilient Australia.
Key points:
- Human-caused climate change is worsening fire-weather and bushfires in southern and eastern Australia.
- Observations show a trend towards more frequent and extreme fire-weather conditions during summer, and an earlier start to the fire season, particularly in southern and eastern Australia.
- Australia’s year-to-year climate variability is being altered by climate change. This variability, combined with regional rainfall trends and human-caused warming, contributed to the extremely dangerous bushfire conditions this summer.
- Dry fuel loads related to widespread drought provided conditions for extensive burning in the 2019/20 bushfires.
- Australia’s dangerous fire-weather is virtually certain to worsen in the future with ongoing human-induced climate change, making fire management increasingly challenging.
- Australia is part of the Paris Agreement and has a commitment to pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, which would significantly reduce the intensification of Australia’s bushfire risk along with many other climate change risks. The current emission reduction targets of Australia and the world are insufficient and will commit us to 3°C or more of warming by the end of this century.
The scientific basis
The severity, destructiveness and unprecedented scale of the 2019/20 bushfires in eastern and southern Australia1 have generated public discussion on the role of climate change in this crisis. This statement summarises the scientific knowledge on how human-induced (anthropogenic) climate change is affecting bushfires in Australia.
Human-caused climate change is increasing the risk of fires in various regions of the world, including Australia2-6. Fire activity is controlled by four limiting factors7: (i) a fuel load (vegetation biomass); (ii) the fuel being dry enough to burn; (iii) an ignition source (anthropogenic or lightning); and (iv) weather that is conducive to carrying that fire through the landscape (e.g. high temperatures, wind speed and low humidity). Climate influences all four of these factors7-10.
Australia’s 2019 climate in perspective
Australia’s climate is warming as part of an unequivocal global warming trend11,12. Human activities have so far caused 1.0°C of global warming above pre-industrial levels13.
2019 was Australia’s hottest and driest year on record14. The average temperature for the whole of Australia in 2019 was 1.5°C above the 1961–1990 climatological average, and 1.9°C above the 1911–1940 average, noting that the national temperature dataset commences in 1910.
Drought and fuel loads
Drought, high temperatures and low relative humidity all lead to low fuel moisture content. Extremely hot and dry conditions in 2019 were preceded by a widespread and sustained drought across eastern Australia that began in 2017. Drought conditions meant that fuel availability (leaf shedding) and fuel dryness created ideal conditions for extensive burning at the start of this fire season across millions of hectares of forest, including temperate forests and rainforest ecosystems.
Drought in southern and eastern Australia in recent years has occurred against a backdrop of long-term precipitation decline across southern Australia. Cool-season rainfall (April–October) in southwest Australia has declined by 20% since 1970, and in southeast of Australia there has been an 11% decline since the late 1990s. These long-term trends of declining cool-season rainfall across southern Australia are expected to continue if greenhouse gas emissions remain high.
Forest Fire Danger Index
December 2019 had the highest fire potential of any month since Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI) records began in 1950. The FFDI is a metric calculated using temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and a drought factor to represent fuel availability. Days with high FFDI are indicative of conditions where fuels burn readily and fire containment is less likely, leading to large fires that travel long distances as seen across broad swathes of southern and eastern Australian in 2019/20.
Changes to Australia’s bushfire season
Human-caused climate change has already contributed to more dangerous weather conditions for bushfires in Australia. This includes observed trends towards more dangerous conditions during summer, and an earlier start and later end to the fire season, particularly in southern and eastern Australia. The frequency of major bushfires in southeast Australia has approximately doubled since 1900. Urgent studies to quantify how much additional risk human-caused climate change brought to the 2019/20 fire season in Australia have already begun.
Further lengthening of the fire season and more frequent and more extreme fire-weather are expected into the future due to ongoing human-caused climate change. Fire management measures such as hazard reduction burning are of diminishing effectiveness under extreme wildfire conditions. The future availability of suitable hazard reduction burning days is highly uncertain.
Fire-induced weather (PyroCb events)
Large, intense fires can develop thunderstorms in their plumes — a phenomenon known as pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb). PyroCb events are characterised by erratic fire behaviour, swarms of embers, lightning, and strong and variable winds. Large pyroCb events can have catastrophic impacts on society and the environment, as seen for the 2009 Black Saturday and 2003 Canberra bushfires.
There has been a steady increase in the frequency of pyroCb events recorded over southeastern Australia since monitoring began in the late 1990s. During the 2019/20 bushfires, approximately 30 pyroCb events have been observed so far, grossly exceeding the number of events to have occurred in any previous year. This is consistent with observed climate trends over the last several decades towards more dangerous weather conditions that are conducive to pyroCb development. Climate models indicate that ongoing warming will cause further increases in the potential for extreme bushfires with pyroconvective conditions over southeast Australia.
Climate variability that contributes to Australia’s fire risk
Variability in the climate from one year to the next acts on top of long-term human-caused climate warming and regional rainfall trends, and is an important contributor to Australia’s climate extremes. Human-caused climate change is altering this variability in ways that can further increase Australia’s fire risk:
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a leading cause of natural year-to-year variability in Australian weather, with El Niño events generally causing an increased risk of dangerous bushfire conditions. It is noteworthy that the 2019/20 extreme fires occurred despite the absence of a strong El Niño event. However, extreme El Niño and La Niña events are expected to increase in frequency through the 21st century, which may also intensify bushfire hazards in the future.
During 2019 a very strong positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) event occurred in the tropical Indian Ocean, and contributed to the extreme heat and extreme dry conditions experienced across Australia during the second half of 2019. There has been an increase in the frequency and intensity of positive IOD events since the 1960s, which has worsened drought and fire risk in southeastern Australia. It is projected that similar strong positive IOD events will be three-times more frequent in the 21st Century compared to the 20th Century with continued high greenhouse gas emissions in the absence of effective climate policies.
The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) has become more positive since the mid-20th Century, caused by both rising greenhouse gases and ozone depletion. A more positive SAM has resulted in a shift in the storm tracks that bring rain bearing systems across southern Australia and caused a long-term decline in winter rainfall across southern states. This rainfall decline is expected to continue into the future, but has the potential to be reversed through strong greenhouse gas mitigation that halts further warming and stabilises global climate.
During spring and summer of 2019 a rare sudden stratospheric warming event occurred over Antarctica and caused the SAM to temporarily shift to a negative state. A negative SAM at this time of year increases the forest fire danger in eastern Australia by reducing cloud cover and drawing hot and dry air across the continent to the eastern states. It is not yet known if climate change will alter sudden stratospheric warming events over Antarctica in the future.
Communication of climate change impacts on bushfire risk
Scientists have studied and communicated the increasing risks that climate change will bring in Australia and other continents in the form of altered fire regimes for more than three decades. This includes reports prepared at the request of governments to aid in policy decisions.
Observed changes in Australian climate and fires, including the 2019/20 fire crisis, have confirmed scientific warnings that human-caused climate warming is virtually certain to increase the duration, intensity and frequency of fires in southeast Australia. These trends will continue to worsen with ongoing climate warming and changes in extreme weather phenomena, making fire management increasingly challenging.
Climate action
Urgent and ambitious action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is needed if we are to pursue efforts to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, in accordance with the Paris Agreement13. Current Australian and global emission reductions are not sufficient, and Australia’s current emissions per person are near-to the highest in the world.
Scientific evidence indicates a need for immediate action to reduce total greenhouse gas emissions and manage a rapid transition to net zero emissions by 205013 if we are to limit the many climate change risks facing the Australian people, economy and environment. Australia has an important role to play in reducing our total emissions, while also taking a leadership role in international climate negotiations to foster a spirit of global cooperation and urgent action on climate change at the level documented in the scientific assessment of the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C13.
Globally coordinated greenhouse gas emission reduction would curtail further climate change-related intensification of Australia’s bushfire risk, and give fire management and adaptation measures the best chance of success.
Originally published at australianbushfiresandclimatechange.com
This article was first published on Australia’s Science Channel, the original news platform of The Royal Institution of Australia.
Co-signatories
This open letter is co-signed by research scientists with expertise across the fields of climate, fire and weather science (including physical processes and impacts). Hyperlinks are provided for the team of scientists who coordinated the development of this statement.
Nerilie Abram (Professor, Australian National University; [email protected])
Tanya Lippmann (PhD candidate, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; [email protected])
Jason Sharples (Professor, University of New South Wales; [email protected])
Hamish Clarke (Dr, University of Wollongong and Western Sydney University)
Alex Sen Gupta (Associate Professor, University of New South Wales; [email protected])
Katrin Meissner (Professor, University of New South Wales)
Matthias Boer (Associate Professor, Western Sydney University)
Ben Henley (Dr, Monash University, University of Melbourne)
Eelco Rohling (Professor, Australian National University)
Nigel Tapper (Professor, Monash University)
Lisa Alexander (Professor, University of New South Wales)
Robert Sawyer (Dr, University of Wollongong)
Hamish Mcgowan (Professor, University of Queensland)
Marta Yebra (Dr, Australian National University)
Jeremy Russell-Smith (Professor, Charles Darwin University)
Brett Murphy (Associate Professor, Charles Darwin University)
Pauline Grierson (Associate Professor, University of Western Australia)
Rachael Nolan (Dr, Western Sydney University)
Trent Penman (Associate Professor, University of Melbourne)
Luke Collins (Dr, La Trobe University)
Meaghan Jenkins (Dr, University of Wollongong)
Mark Howden (Professor, Australian National University)
Beatriz Duguy Pedra (Professor, Universidad de Barcelona)
Joelle Gergis (Senior Lecturer In Climate Science, The Australian National University)
Anthony Purcell (Research Fellow, Research School of Earth Sciences)
Taimoor Sohail (Research Associate, The University of New South Wales)
Patrick De Deckker (Emeritus Professor, Australian National University)
Adele Morrison (Arc Decra Research Fellow, Australian National University)
Jon Woodhead (Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow, The University of Melbourne)
Leanne Armand (Assoc. Prof., Australian National University)
Andrew Mackintosh (Professor/ PhD, Monash University)
Yiling Liu (PhD Candidate, UNSW)
Mike Sandiford (Redmond Barry Distinguished Professor, Faa, University of Melbourne)
Malte Meinshausen (A/Prof, Climate & Energy College, The University of Melbourne)
Stewart Fallon (Associate Professor, Australian National University)
Caroline Poulsen (Dr, Monash University)
John Wiseman (Professorial Fellow, Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute and Energy Transition Hub, and University of Melbourne and ANU)
Bradley Opdyke (Dr, The Australian National University)
Roger Dargaville (Senior Lecturer, Monash University)
Mark Quigley (Associate Professor, University of Melbourne)
Gab Abramowitz (Associate Professor, UNSW Sydney)
Anna Ukkola (Dr, Australian National University)
Damien Irving (Postdoctoral Research Associate, University of New South Wales)
Alejandro Di Luca (Climate Scientist, University of New South Wales)
Laurie Menviel (Arc Future Fellow, Senior Lecturer, UNSW)
Matthew England (Professor, UNSW)
Helen Bostock (Associate Professor In Oceanography, University of Queensland)
Christopher Thomas (Dr, Climate Change Research Centre, UNSW)
Chris Forest (Professor Of Climate Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University)
Philip Stewart (Dr, The University of Queensland)
Jonathan Overpeck (Professor And Dean, University of Michigan School for Environment and Sustainability)
Steven Sherwood (Professor, UNSW Sydney)
Josephine Brown (Lecturer, University of Melbourne)
Kimberley Reid (PhD Researcher, University of Melbourne)
Daniel Ellerton (PhD, University of Queensland)
Jessica Reeves (Senior Lecturer, Environmental Science, Federation University Australia, Gippsland Campus)
Jatin Kala (Senior Lecturer, Murdoch University)
Tomas Remenyi (Climate Research Fellow, University of Tasmania, Climate Futures Program)
Scott Mooney (A/Prof, School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney)
Andreas Schmittner (Professor, Oregon State University)
Justin Marshall (Arc Laureate Professor, University of Queensland)
Chloe Lucas (Dr, University of Tasmania)
Grant Williamson (Dr, University of Tasmania)
Ariaan Purich (Dr, University of New South Wales)
Kerrylee Rogers (Associate Professor, University of Wollongong)
Katharine Grant (Dr, The Australian National University)
Sarah Perkins-Kirkpatrick (Dr, Climate Change Research Centre, UNSW)
Tessa Vance (PhD, University of Tasmania)
Jing-Jia Luo (Professor, Institute for Climate and Application Research (ICAR), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China)
Michael Mann (Distinguished Professor Of Atmospheric Science And Director Of The Earth System Science Center, Penn State University)
Sharon Robinson (Professor/ PhD, University of Wollongong)
Bronwyn Dixon (PhD, University of Melbourne)
Peter Gell (Professor Of Environmental Science, Federation University Australia)
Amy Prendergast (Dr/ Senior Lecturer/ Arc Decra Fellow, School of Geography, University of Melbourne)
Julie Arblaster (Associate Professor, Monash University)
Michael Bird (Distinguished Professor, James Cook UNiversity)
Bill Pritchard (Professor Of Geography, University of Sydney)
Ian Simmonds (Professor, The University of Melbourne)
Dale Dominey-Howes (Professor Of Hazard And Disaster Risk Sciences, The University of Sydney)
Anthony Dosseto (Professor, University of Wollongong)
Laurie Chisholm (Associate Professor, University of Wollongong)
Dietmar Muller (Professor Of Geophysics, The University of Sydney)
Annette Hirsch (Dr, University of New South Wales)
Haidee Cadd (Dr., University of New South Wales)
David Griffith (Professor / PhD, University of Wollongong)
Kale Sniderman (PhD, School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne)
John Church (Professor, Climate Change, Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales)
Asfawossen Asrat (Professor, School of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University)
Duanne White (Associate Professor, University of Canberra)
James Renwick (Professor/PhD In Atmospheric Science, Victoria University of Wellington, School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences)
Cristiano Chiessi (Associate Professor, University of São Paulo)
Nicolas Jourdain (Research Scientist, CNRS, IGE, Grenoble, France)
Russell Drysdale (Associate Professor/Reader In Palaeoclimatology, University of Melbourne)
Sebastian Wahl (PhD, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel)
Hubertus Fischer (Professor, University of Bern)
Michela Mariani (Dr, University of Melbourne/University of Nottingham)
Fortunat Joos (Prof. Dr., University of Bern)
Boris Vanniere (Dr, CNRS)
Thomas Wiedmann (Professor, University of New South Wales)
Kathryn Allen (PhD, University of Melbourne)
Tobias Bayr (Dr., GEOMAR Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany)
Thomas Frölicher (Professor, University of Bern)
Olivia Martius (Professor, University of Bern)
Ivy Frenger (Research Scientist, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel)
Martin Frank (Professor For Chemical Paleoceanography, GGEOMAR Research Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germanyz)
Joakim Kjellsson (Junior Professor For Meteorology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel)
Matthias Prange (Dr. / Senior Climate Researcher), MARUM, University of Bemen, Germany)
Manola Brunet (Full Professor In Climatology, University Rovira i Virgili)
Srijana Lama (PhD, Vrije University)
Rebecca Harris (Senior Lecturer (Climatology), PhD, University of Tasmania)
David Bowman (Professor, University of Tasmania)
Matthias Zabel (Dr., MARUM – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences – Bremen University)
Andreas Oschlies (Professor, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany)
Mandy Freund (Dr., University of Melbourne)
Linden Ashcroft (PhD, The University of Melbourne)
Inge G.C. Jonckheere (Forestry Officer, IPCC Lead Author)
Matilde Rusticucci (Professor, University of Buenos Aires)
Andrea Franke (Dr., Geomar Helmholtz Centre fo Ocean Research Kiel)
Diederik Liebrand (Dr, University of Bremen)
Stephan Krisch (PhD Candidate, GEOMAR Helmholtz Institute for Ocean Research)
Kim Cobb (Professor, Georgia Institute of Technology)
Mat Collins (Prof, University of Exeter, UK)
Gerrit Lohmann (Prof, Alfred Wegener Institute)
Evan Gowan (Dr. / Postdoctoral Researcher, Alfred Wegener Institute)
Christopher Danek (PhD, Alfred-Wegener-Institute Germany)
Helge Goessling (Dr., Alfred Wegener Institute)
Hu Yang (Dr., The Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
Klaus Hubacek (Professor, University of Groningen)
Amy Hessl (Professor Of Geography, West Virginia University)
Sander Veraverbeke (Assistant Professor, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)
Timothy Bralower (Professor, Penn State University)
Erica Smithwick (Professor, The Pennsylvania State University)
Alvaro Montenegro (Associate Professor, Ohio State University)
Barbara Templ (PhD, Potsdam Institut for Climate Impact Research)
Fabian Stenzel (PhD Student, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research)
Frank Kauker (Dr., Alfred Wegener Intitute for Polar and Marine Resarch)
Matthias Wietz (Senior Scientist, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research)
James Kasting (Evan Pugh Professor Of Geosciences, Penn State University)
Jelle Bijma (Prof. Dr., Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung)
Willy Tinner (Professor, University of Bern)
Stephan Juricke (PhD, Jacobs University Bremen/Alfred Wegener Institute Bremerhaven, Germany)
Abel Chemura (Dr., Potsdam Instutute of Climate Impact Research)
Maie-France Loutre (Dr, PAGES (Past Global Changes))
Georg Feulner (Dr., Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Germany)
Peter Wilf (Professor Of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University)
Ali Behrangi (Associate Professor, University of Arizona)
Juliane Mueller (PhD, Alfred Wegener Institute)
Maria-Elena Vorrath (Msc, Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany)
Gregg Garfin (Associate Professor, University of Arizona)
Stefan Rahmstorf (Professor, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research)
Karen Kohfeld (Professor, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, CANADA)
Valérie Masson-Delmotte (Dr, IPSL/LSCE)
Bradford Griffin (University Research Associate, Simon Fraser University)
Tobias Ide (Decra Fellow, University of Melbourne)
Chris Funk (Director, Climate Hazards Center, US Geological Survey, University of California, Santa Barbara)
Hinrich Schaefer (Atmospheric Scientist, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, NZ)
Fanny Thornton (Assistant Professor, University of Canberra)
Roger Bodman (Research Fellow In Climate Modelling, The University of Melbourne)
James Barker (PhD Student, University of Wollongong)
Eleni Anagnostou (Post Doctoral Fellow, GEOMAR)
Kate Booth (Senior Lecturer In Human Geography, University of Tasmania)
Patrick Lane (Professor, The University of Melbourne)
Jason Evans (Professor, UNSW)
Donna Green (A/Prof, UNSW)
Helen Phillips (Associate Professor, IMAS, University of Tasmania)
James Kossin (Atmospheric Scientist PhD, NOAA Center for Weather and Climate and U. of Wisconsin)
Mark Westoby (Professor Emeritus, Faa, Faaas, Macquarie University)
Will Steffen (Emeritus Professor, The Australian National University)
Zanna Chase (Associate Professor, University of Tasmania)
Andrea Taschetto (Senior Researcher, University of New South Wales, Climate Change Research Centre)
Michael Bedward (Mr, University of Wollongong)
John Tibby (Associate Professor, University of Adelaide)
Jonathan Tyler (Senior Lecturer/PhD, University of Adelaide)
Jennie Mallela (Dr, Australian National University)
Jane Williamson (Associate Professor, Macquarie University)
Sander Scheffers (Dr, Southern Cross University)
Pat Hutchings (PhD, Dsc, • Frzsnsw , • Frsnsw, Australian Museum)
Gal Eyal (PhD, University of Queensland/Bar-Ilan University)
Selina Ward (Dr (Senior Lecturer), The University of Queensland)
Cameron Barr (Dr, University of Adelaide)
Paul Kristiansen (Associate Professor Of Agricultural Systems, University of New England)
Robert Mason (Dr., University of Queensland)
Ana Vila-Concejo (PhD In Oceanography / Associate Professor, The University of Sydney)
Giuseppe Cortese (Ph.D. Paleontology, GNS Science (New Zealand))
Adriana Verges (Associate Professor, UNSW Sydney)
James Gilmour (Dr, Marine Biology)
Kevin Walsh (Professor, University of Melbourne)
Nick Earl (PhD, University of Tasmania, Climate Futures program)
Ross Griffiths (Emeritus Professor, Australian National University)
Anja Rammig (Professor, Technical University of Munich)
Sabine Haase (Dr. Rer. Nat., GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel)
Stefan Brönnimann (Professor, University of Bern, Switzerland)
Robert Warren (Dr (PhD In Atmospheres, Oceans And Climate), Monash University)
Jan Taucher (PhD, GEOMAR)
Christian Stepanek (Dr. Rer. Nat. / Scientist, Alfred Wegener Institute – Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research)
Kirsten Thonicke (Dr., Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK))
Kathryn Bowen (Hon. Assoc Professor, Australian National University)
Karen Lebek (Dipl.-Geoecologist, Integrative Research Institute on Transformations of Human-Environment Systems)
Adrien Guyot (Dr, PhD, Monash University)
Henrik Sadatzki (PhD, Australian National University)
Hayley Fowler (Professor Of Climate Change Impacts, Newcastle University)
Andrew Western (Professor, University of Melbourne)
Abdullah Kahraman (Research Scientist, Newcastle University)
Rien Aerts (Professor, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)
Juul Limpens (Associate Professor, Wageningen University, the Netherlands)
Paulo Pereira (Professor, Mykolas Romeris Univeristy, Lithuania)
Simon Scheiter (Dr, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Research Centre)
Renata Libonati (Professor Dr., Dep. Meteorology – Federal University of Rio de Janeiro UFRJ)
Sandy Harrison (Professor, The Leverhulme Centre for Wildfires, Environment and Society, and Reading University)
Matthew Jones (Dr / PhD, University of East Anglia)
David Schoeman (Professor, University of the Sunshine Coast)
Pete Smith (Professor, Frs, Frse, University of Aberdeen)
Klaus Bittermann (PhD, PIK guest)
Susan Solomon (Lee And Geraldine Martin Professor Of Environmental Studies, MIT)
Carles Pelejero (Dr., ICREA and Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC)
Gerald Moser (Dr., Plant Ecology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany)
Stephen Blenkinsop (Dr., Newcastle University, UK)
Nicholas Mccarthy (Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Queensland)
Jennifer Marlon (Research Scientist, Yale University)
Francois Girard (Professor In Geography, Université de Montréal)
Drew Shindell (Distinguished Professor, Duke University, NC, USA)
Grant Meyer (Professor Emeritus, University of New Mexico)
Renaud Barbero (Research Scientist, INRAE)
Steven Lade (PhD, Stockholm Universty / Australian National University)
Dominique Bachelet (Associate Professor, Oregon State University)
Maria Val Martin (Dr, Leverhulme Center for Climate Change Mitigation, University of Sheffield)
Anabelle Cardoso (Dr, Yale University)
Mark Bush (Professor, Florida Institute of Technology)
James Clark (Ecologist, Professor, Duke University)
Berangere Leys (Research Associate, Aix-Marseille University)
Juli Pausas (Research Scientist, Ecologist, CSIC, Spain)
Martin Girardin (Research Scientist, Natural Resources Canada)
Allan Spessa (Dr, Dept Geography, Swansea University, Wales, UK)
Stijn Hantson (Dr., University of California, Irvine)
Stephanie Desprat (Maitre De Conferences (Lecturer), EPOC LAB, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes – University of Bordeaux – CNRS)
Monica Turner (E.P. Odum Professor Of Ecology, And Vil
